Want To Send Anonymous Mails? Here's How You Can Do It!

Faking the source address of an email is easy, thanks to a neat set of tricks that anyone could master. Sending anonymous emails could be fun, but that's not all about it! The trick could be useful in various client side hacking, sending fake emails is an important part of social engineering. The trick is: using the address of a trusted company as source making the recipient fall for its authenticity, and you're done!

Here's how to send an anonymous email (with no risk involved!):

1. First and foremost you need a fake email sender. You could very well create your own email account spoofer:

-You need a fake email sender script to get started. It's basically a PHP mail script that lets you change the source address of an email.

-You then need a free hosting service to host the PHP mail file. There are quite a few of these available: x10hosting.com, phpnet.us, 0000webhost.com etc.

2. One you're through the script phase, you can then send fake emails to anyone and everyone (read a potential prey!)

3. In receiver’s address add the email id of your potential prey.

4. In sender’s address add the email of some well known company like contact@facebook.com.

5. Enter a legit looking subject. Click send and that's all! The prey will now receive an email from contact@facebook.com.

Meanwhile, you could also check the authenticity of an email youn just received. Here's how:

1. Open the email you want to check.

2. Open its email header.

3. You will get a "received from: so and so" followed by an IP address.

4. Copy the IP Address and trace its location.

Author : Shivam Kotwalia, CodeKill

Free Resources To Learn About MOSFETs

Want to learn about MOSFETs? Here are some tutorials. Don't like tutorials? We have included videos too! Not enough? Here are other resources! 

Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistors are commonly used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. They have a wide usage in the field and learning about these is crucial for any electronic engineer. So, with that in mind, here are 14 resources that will get you up and running!


Tutorials

1. How To Use MOSFET – Beginner’s Tutorial

This tutorial covers some of the basic questions that peope raise about MOSFET circuits. It discusses how these circuits work and what they are.

2. Power MOSFET Tutorial

This tutorial explains the main features of N-channel power MOSFETs. In addition, it provides information on device selection and application.

3. Electronics Tutorials on Metal Oxide FETs

This one contains an introduction to MOSFETs and using MOSFETs as a switch.

4. Transistor Tutorials

Here you will learn about how MOSFETs are made, how they work and how to use them in practical circuits.

5. What is MOSFET

This tutorial starts with a general introduction to MOSFETs and moves deeper into the topic. It can be quite useful for beginners.

6. Using the MOSFET as a Switch

This is an experiment that shows you step by step how to use a MOSFET as a switch.

Free Reference Materials

1. Power MOSFET Basics

Excerpt: This application note discusses the breakdown voltage, on-resistance, transconductance, threshold voltage, diode forward voltage, power dissipation, dynamic characteristics, gate charge and dV/dt capability of the power MOSFET.

2. Introduction to Power MOSFETs and their Applications

Introduction: The Power MOSFETs that are available today perform the same function as Bipolar transistors except the former are voltage controlled in contrast to the current controlled Bipolar devices. Today MOSFETs owe their ever-increasing popularity to their high input impedance and to the fact that being a majority carrier device, they do not suffer from minority carrier storage time effects, thermal runaway, or second breakdown.

3. MOS Field Effect Transistors

This is chapter four of a book on Microelectronic Circuits. The chapter deals with MOSFETs and their functioning.

Tutorial Videos

1. MOSFETs as Switch - General Circuits

2. EECE 251 - Tutorial on MOSFETs Part One

3. EECE 251 - Tutorial on MOSFETs Part Two

4. MOSFET NMOS C-S Find the Q-Point DC Circuit Analysis

5. Lec 9 | MIT 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007 

Author : Shivam Kotwalia, CodeKill

Free E-Books On Programming Language Theory

These books will help, especially if you're looking to build a career in programming. 

We all love to practice when it comes to programming, but it is as important to learn the theory behind these programming languages if you are seeking a career with these. So for all the new and pro programmers out there, we bring a sorted collection of 31 ebooks on the theory of various programming languages. For anyone who has just entered the bubble of programming language or someone who is still trying to choose the language they want to peruse, these books are a must read.

Programming Languages: Theory and Practice

by Robert Harper - Carnegie Mellon University , 2005

As the introduction of the book says, "What follows is a working draft of a planned book that seeks to strike a careful balance between developing the theoretical foundations of programming languages and explaining the pragmatic issues involved in their design and implementation."

Semantics of Programming Languages

by Andrew M. Pitts - University of Cambridge , 2002

As the introduction of the book says, "These notes introduce the structural, operational approach to programming language semantics. The course shows how to specify the meaning of some simple programming language constructs and to reason formally about semantic properties of programs."

Linkers and Loaders

by John R. Levine - Morgan Kaufmann , 1999

As the introduction of the book says, "The author presents clear practical advice to help you create faster, cleaner code. You'll learn to avoid the pitfalls associated with Windows DLLs, take advantage of the performance-improving techniques supported by many modern linkers, etc."

The Theory of Languages and Computation

by Jean Gallier, Andrew Hicks - University of Pennsylvania , 2006

As the introduction of the book says, "From the table of contents: Automata; Formal Languages (A Grammar for Parsing English, Context-Free Grammars, Derivations and Context-Free Languages, Normal Forms for Context-Free Grammars, Chomsky Normal Form, ...); Computability; Current Topics."

Semantics: Advances in Theories and Mathematical Models

by Muhammad Tanvir Afzal (ed.) - InTech , 2012

As the introduction of the book says, "The book is a blend of a number of great ideas, theories, mathematical models, and practical systems in the domain of Semantics. Topics include: Background; Queries, Predicates, and Semantic Cache; Algorithms and Logic Programming; etc."

Exploring Programming Language Architecture in Perl

by Bill Hails , 2010

As the introduction of the book says, "This book presents an informal and friendly introduction to some of the core ideas in modern computer science, using the programming language Perl as its vehicle. The book takes the form of a series of working interpreters for the language PScheme."

Formal Languages

by Keijo Ruohonen - Tampere University of Technology , 2009

As the introduction of the book says, "In these notes the classical Chomskian formal language theory is fairly fully dealt with, omitting however much of automata constructs and computability issues. Surveys of Lindenmayer system theory and the mathematical theory of codes are given."

Formal Language Theory for Natural Language Processing

by Shuly Wintner - ESSLLI , 2001

As the introduction of the book says, "This text is a mild introduction to Formal Language Theory for students with little or no background in formal systems. The motivation is Natural Language Processing, and the presentation is geared towards NLP applications, with extensive examples."

The Z Notation: A Reference Manual

by J. M. Spivey - Prentice Hall , 1992

As the introduction of the book says, "The standard Z notation for specifying and designing software has evolved over the best part of a decade. This an informal but rigorous reference manual is written with the everyday needs of readers and writers of Z specifications in mind."

Lecture Notes on the Lambda Calculus

by Peter Selinger - Dalhousie University , 2007

As the introduction of the book says, "Topics covered in these notes include the untyped lambda calculus, the Church-Rosser theorem, combinatory algebras, the simply-typed lambda calculus, the Curry-Howard isomorphism, weak and strong normalization, type inference, etc."

Compositional Semantics

by Gary Hardegree - UMass Amherst , 2009

As the introduction of the book says, "Contents: Basic Categorial Syntax; Shortcomings of Standard Categorial Syntax; Expanded Categorial Syntax; Examples of Expanded Categorial Syntax; Categorial Logic; Basic Categorial Semantics; Lambda-Abstraction; Expanded Categorial Semantics; etc."

Comparative Studies of Programming Languages

by Joey Paquet, Serguei A. Mokhov - arXiv , 2010

As the introduction of the book says, "Lecture notes for the Comparative Studies of Programming Languages course. These notes include a compiled book of primarily related articles from the Wikipedia, as well as Comparative Programming Languages book and other resources."

Datalogi V - Programming Languages

by A. Filinski, R. Gluck, N. D. Jones - Datalogisk Institut , 2007

As the introduction of the book says, "This text concerns several dimensions of programming languages. We will emphasize precise definitions of the effects of various programming language features, the semantics and implementation of programming languages, and proofs concerning programs."

Let Over Lambda: 50 Years of Lisp

by Doug Hoyte - Lulu.com , 2008

As the introduction of the book says, "One of the most hardcore computer programming books out there. Starting with the fundamentals, it describes the most advanced features of the most advanced language: Common Lisp. This book is about macros, that is programs that write programs."

Proofs and Types

by J. Girard, Y. Lafont, P. Taylor - Cambridge University Press , 1989

As the introduction of the book says, "This little book comes from a short graduate course on typed lambda-calculus given at the Universite Paris. It is not intended to be encyclopedic and the selection of topics was really quite haphazard. Some very basic knowledge of logic is needed."

Dictionary of Programming Languages

by Neal Ziring , 1998

As the introduction of the book says, "The Dictionary of Programming Languages is an online compendium of computer coding methods assembled to provide information and aid your appreciation for computer science history. The dictionary currently has over 120 entries."

Implementing Functional Languages: a tutorial

by Simon Peyton Jones, David Lester - Prentice Hall , 1992

As the introduction of the book says, "This book gives a practical approach to understanding implementations of non-strict functional languages using lazy graph reduction. It is intended to be a source of practical material, to help make functional-language implementations come alive."

Formal Syntax and Semantics of Programming Languages

by Kenneth Slonneger, Barry L. Kurtz - Addison Wesley Longman , 1994

As the introduction of the book says, "The book presents the typically difficult subject of formal methods in an informal, easy-to-follow manner. Readers with a basic grounding in discreet mathematics will be able to understand the practical applications of these difficult concepts."

Computational Category Theory

by D.E. Rydeheard, R.M. Burstall , 2001

As the introduction of the book says, "The book is a bridge-building exercise between computer programming and category theory. Basic constructions of category theory are expressed as computer programs. It is a first attempt at connecting the abstract mathematics with concrete programs."

Categories, Types, and Structures

by Andrea Asperti, Giuseppe Longo - MIT Press , 1991

As the introduction of the book says, "Here is an introduction to category theory for the working computer scientist. It is a self-contained introduction to general category theory and the mathematical structures that constitute the theoretical background."

Understanding Programming Languages

by Monti Ben-Ari - John Wiley & Sons , 1996

As the introduction of the book says, "The book explains what alternatives are available to the language designer, how language constructs should be used for safety and readability, how language constructs are implemented, the role of language in expressing and enforcing abstractions."

Principles of Programming Languages

by Mike Grant, Zachary Palmer, Scott Smith , 2009

As the introduction of the book says, "An introduction to the study of programming languages for juniors, seniors, and graduate students. The book treats topics from a foundational perspective, it focuses on core concepts in language design, not directly on applied languages."

Partial Evaluation and Automatic Program Generation

by Neil D. Jones, Carsten K. Gomard, Peter Sestoft - Prentice Hall , 1993

As the introduction of the book says, "The book about partial evaluation, a program optimization technique also known as program specialization. It presents principles for constructing partial evaluators for a variety of programming languages, and gives references to the literature."

Type Systems for Programming Languages

by Robert Harper , 2000

As the introduction of the book says, "Provides an account of the role of type theory in programming language design and implementation. The stress is on the use of types as a tool for analyzing programming language features and studying their implementation."

Practical Foundations for Programming Languages

by Robert Harper , 2008

As the introduction of the book says, "This is a book on the foundations of programming languages. The emphasis is on the concept of type, which organizes the computational universe in the same way that the concept of set may be seen as an organizing principle for mathematics."

Semantics With Applications: A Formal Introduction

by Hanne Riis Nielson, Flemming Nielson - John Wiley & Sons , 1992

As the introduction of the book says, "The book covers the foundations of structural operational semantics and natural semantics. It shows how to describe the semantics of declarative as well as imperative language constructs and will also touch upon non-sequential constructs."

Reasoned Programming

by Krysia Broda et al - Prentice Hall Trade , 1994

As the introduction of the book says, "The text for advanced undergraduate/graduate students of computer science. It introduces functional, imperative and logic programming and explains how to do it correctly. Functional programming is presented as a programming language in its own right."

Denotational Semantics: A Methodology for Language Development

by David Schmidt - Kansas State University , 2009

As the introduction of the book says, "Denotational semantics is a methodology for giving mathematical meaning to programming languages and systems. This book was written to make denotational semantics accessible to a wider audience and to update existing texts in the area."

A Practical Theory of Programming

by Eric C.R. Hehner - Springer , 2006

As the introduction of the book says, "Understanding programming languages requires knowledge of the underlying theoretical model. This book explores aspects of programming that are amenable to mathematical proof. It describes a simple and comprehensive theory."

Programming Languages: Application and Interpretation

by Shriram Krishnamurthi - Lulu.com , 2007

As the introduction of the book says, "The textbook for a programming languages course, taken primarily by advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students. This book assumes that students have modest mathematical maturity, and are familiar with the existence of the Halting Problem."

Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs

by Harold Abelson, Gerald Jay Sussman, Julie Sussman - McGraw-Hill , 1996

As the introduction of the book says, "The book teaches how to program by employing the tools of abstraction and modularity. The central philosophy is that programming is the task of breaking large problems into small ones. You will learn how to program and how to think about programming."

Author : Shivam Kotwalia, CodeKill

Free Microprocessor And Microcontroller Software

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers are interesting topics that would help you understand the inner workings of most of the gadgets that you use. 

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers play a big role in our lives nowadays. Think of the newest technology and you will find these small chips functioning at the core of the device. Engineers from all over the world have directed their efforts in developing and refining the technology behind these chips. Would you like to be a part of it? You'll need something to learn. Here's how.

1. Yagarto

You need to have the Windows operating system in order to run this software. It is a cross development environment for the ARM architecture.

2. Lab-sticc

This is another software that is supported on the Windows operating system. This is a power consumption analysis tool that is used for embedded systems.

3. Ktechlab

This integrated development environment is for three things, microcontrollers, electronics and Linux. It is quite useful too.

4. MC34063 Universal Calculator

This is an open source calculator for the MC34063 Switching Controller.

5. MIDE-51 Studio

Compatible with the Windows operating system, this is an integrate development environment that is useful for the MCD-51 microcontroller.

6. MSPgcc

This one is an open source software that is meant for the MPSP430 processor.

7. OpenOCD

You can use this open on-chip debugger on the windows operating system. You can use it on the Windows operating system.

8. GNUSim8085

Another software that has dual compatibility. GNUSim8085 works on both Windows and Linux-based operating systems. It is used for simulating the Intel 8085 microprocessor.

9. PIC Development Studio

This open source software is a simulator for the PIC16F84 microcontroller. You can use the software to develop custom components on Windows.

10. gpsim

This software works with both Linux and Windows operating systems. It is distributed under the GNU General Public License, version 2 or higher, and is a full featured microchip PIC microncontrollers. In addition, some of the libraries under are also distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, version 2 or higher.

11. PicoForth

Written in gForth, this software works on Linux and is a compiler for the PIC12 and PIC16 families.

12. PICsim

This open source software emulates a microcontroller PIC16F628/16F877A/18F452 and periferics such as USART and timers, the simulator architecture permit easy implementation of external elements in c language. It runs on windows.

13. UrJTAG

This software runs on Windows and and is a modern tool for communicating over JTAG with flash chips, CPUs and others.

14. MCU 8051 IDE

This IDE works on Windows and Linux-based operating systems. It is meant for the 8051 microcontrollers.

15. V-USB

The software runs on both Linux and Windows. It is a software only implementation of a low-speed USB device for Atmel's AVR microcontrollers. 

Author : Shivam Kotwalia, CodeKill

Good Open Source Applications For Mac Users

Here are some open source applications for the Mac that you might not know about... 

Apple's Mac operating system may be a proprietary platform, but it isn't one that open source hasn't been able to penetrate. Just like Windows, there are open source alternatives for many Mac applications. Here are some of the lesser known ones!

1. Adium Icon

Adium is a free instant messaging application for Mac OS X that can connect to AIM, MSN, XMPP (Jabber), Yahoo, and more.

2. Disk Inventory X

This application can be used to view the contents of your hard drive graphically. It has a simplistic interface but with lots of features.

3. Celestia

This is an application that can be used for 3D visualisation of space in real-time, with a detailed model of the solar system. It contains 10,000 galaxies and more than 100,000 stars. You can also add more objects to it.

4. Stellarium

This is similar to Celestia and allows you explore the skies on your Mac. You can use this to get a visual representation of the skies. It shows you what you would otherwise see with telescopres, binoculars etc.

5. Seashore

This is an image editing application for Mac users. You can get a umber of features through this application, including gradients, anti-aliasing and textures.

6. Pixen

Are you a pixel artist? If yes, then this is the application for you. This application can create frame by frame animations for you to export as GIFs.

7. HandBrake

This open source application can be used in order to convert videos into favourable formats. It comes with a number of setting options that allow you to customise the ripping process for videos.

8. Inkscape

As hard as it might be for some to believe, the Adobe Illustrator isn’t the graphics tool of choice for everyone. If you aren’t quite ok with this tool, then Inkscape makes for a good replacement for Mac user. It is a vector-based graphic application that comes with a clean interface and is easily accessible.

9. Cyberduck

The name doesn’t say much about this open source application for Mac users. It is an FTP client, which is capable of supporting SFTP, FTP, Cloud Files, WebDav and some other protocols. Many would tell you that it is the best free FTP client for Apple’s Mac platform.

10. Jext

This is a text editor that is meant for the Mac operating system. You can use this to edit files from HTML to Java. It is good if you’re looking for a free and open source application, but it is quite an outdated text editor.

You will probaby be asking why VLC and some other very other obvious applications haven't been mentioned here. Well, that's exactly why, because they're two obvious. 

Author : Shivam Kotwalia, CodeKill